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What Happens in Chemotherapy Malin Dollinger, MD, and Ernest H. Rosenbaum, MD The idea of treating cancer with chemical agents or medications has been around since the days of the ancient Greeks. Yet the practice of cancer chemo- therapy as it's known today really only began in the 1940s. Near the end of that decade, nitrogen mustard became the first drug approved to fight tumor cells. Over the next 20 years, chemo- therapy was essentially an investiga- tional treatment. But in the last 30 years, more effective antitumor drugs have been developed, and other new drugs and supportive techniques have come along to reduce the side effects of the 
